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We show that if the rotation set of a homeomorphism of the torus is stable under small perturbations of the dynamics, then it is a convex polygon with rational vertices. We also show that such homeomorphisms are C 0 -generic and have bounded rotational deviations (even for pseudo-orbits). The results hold both in the area-preserving setting and in the general setting. When the rotation set is stable, we give explicit estimates on the type of rationals that may appear as vertices of rotation sets in terms of the stability constants.

We prove a formula for the number of occurrences of certain labels and local configurations in two-step puzzles introduced by Buch, Kresch, Purbhoo and Tamvakis building on Knutson’s original conjecture for the cohomology of partial flag varieties. These puzzles are tilings of the triangular lattice by edge-labeled tiles and compute the Schubert structure constants of the cohomology of two-step flag varieties. Our formula depends only on the boundary conditions of the puzzle. The proof relies on the study of color maps, which are tilings of the triangular lattice derived from puzzles.

The work presented here is concerned with breaking water waves, a well-known phenomenon arising as an oceanic wave approaches the shore: its crest starts to move faster than the trough up front, which ultimately leads to the appearance of an overhanging region that quickly curls over while falling down until it collides with the water lying below. An important contemporary issue concerns the incorporation of the viscous dissipation associated with the breaking into the many models that have been introduced to describe the ocean. This is mostly done empirically. In the present work, we follow a different path: we aim at modelling wave breaking up to the free surface self-intersection (the splash singularity), relying thus on a more geometrical approach to the subject. The first part of this thesis will be devoted to the motivation of a set of equations that describes overhanging waves in the inviscid irrotational regime, with either a one-dimensional or a two-dimensional free surface. This is done by setting aside the commonly used Eulerian framework and working in (pseudo)Lagrangian coordinates instead. This should be seen as an extension of the Zakharov-Craig-Sulem formulation of the Water Waves problem. The non-canonical Hamiltonian structure of these partial differential equations is investigated and it is shown that in the absence of breaking, they can be reduced to the usual set of equations. Emphasis is put on the various physical assumptions that are made along the way. In a second moment, we come back to these very hypotheses and put them to the test. This is done numerically using a Navier-Stokes based computational framework based on the Finite-Element Method (FEM). The major novelty compared to other studies lies in the use of the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method (ALE), which diminishes the interpolation error greatly. The viscosity can therefore be decreased to values that allow the comparison with the inviscid solution (computed using another method, based on potential theory in the complex plane) to be carried out. Over a flat topography, it is found that both the free-surface and bed boundary layers are sufficiently well-behaved as to not perturb the bulk irrotational flow. Water being characterised by a relatively small viscosity, the consequence is that, in this regime the inviscid models accurately describe the oceanic flow. We do not prove this assertion rigorously, however. Difficulties seem to arise, however, when a non-flat topography is considered. Indeed, the typical velocities associated with the wave are high enough to eventually trigger boundary layer separation near curved-enough portions of the bed, resulting in vorticity being shed in the initially irrotational flow, far from the topography. The convergence to the inviscid solution is therefore compromised.